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Introduction Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an invisible, odorless gas that plays a fundamental role in the Earth’s atmosphere and directly affects human health and safety. Although naturally present in the air at around 400 parts per million (ppm), elevated CO2 levels—particularly in indoor environments—can compromise comfort, cognitive function, and well-being. Beyond its indoor effects, CO2 is a major greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change, forming a thermal barrier in the...

Introduction In today’s fast-paced, urbanized world, indoor air quality is often overlooked despite its significant impact on health, productivity, and overall well-being. Among the many pollutants that compromise indoor air quality, Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOCs) are some of the most common yet least understood by the general public. Invisible to the naked eye, these airborne chemicals are emitted from countless everyday sources—from new furniture and cleaning products to...

Introduction Dust sensors have quietly become one of the most important components in environmental monitoring and air quality control systems. While they are rarely seen or discussed outside engineering circles, they play a critical role in safeguarding public health, enabling industrial safety compliance, and driving environmental data analysis worldwide. From compact air purifiers in homes and cars to large-scale environmental monitoring stations and industrial safety systems, these sensors detect...

Introduction: Why Indoor Air Quality Matters More Than Ever In today’s fast-paced and increasingly indoor-oriented lifestyle, the quality of the air we breathe inside our homes, offices, and public buildings has become a critical health concern. Indoor air quality (IAQ) is no longer a niche issue—it’s a mainstream priority for health-conscious individuals, property managers, and employers alike. With people spending up to 90% of their time indoors, the air we inhale within enclosed...

Introduction Carbon dioxide (CO₂) sensors play an essential role in air quality monitoring, environmental control, HVAC systems, and industrial safety. As CO₂ levels rise due to factors such as human activity, industrial emissions, and poor ventilation, accurate monitoring becomes increasingly critical for both environmental and health-related concerns. Among the technologies used to detect CO₂ concentrations, Non-Dispersive Infrared (NDIR) and electrochemical sensors are the most prevalent. This...

Introduction As global awareness of indoor air quality grows, formaldehyde (chemical formula: CH₂O), a volatile organic compound (VOC), has become a major concern. Present in construction materials, furniture, paint, adhesives, and even cosmetics, formaldehyde is one of the most common pollutants in both residential and industrial settings. Known for its toxicity, formaldehyde can cause a variety of acute and chronic health issues—even at low concentrations. To combat this invisible threat,...

Introduction: Why Air Quality Matters More Than Ever In an era of growing awareness about environmental health, indoor air quality has become a crucial area of concern for homeowners, businesses, schools, and health professionals. One of the key metrics used to evaluate indoor air quality is the concentration of Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOCs)—a complex group of airborne pollutants that can significantly affect human health and comfort. With modern buildings becoming more airtight...

Introduction In the modern world, air pollution has emerged as one of the greatest environmental health risks. Among the many pollutants in our atmosphere, PM2.5 stands out as one of the most harmful. Short for particulate matter that is 2.5 micrometers or smaller in diameter, PM2.5 particles are tiny enough to penetrate deep into human lungs, enter the bloodstream, and cause a range of health issues, including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. This is where the importance of PM2.5 sensors...

Introduction Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is a colorless, odorless gas that plays a fundamental role in the natural world. We exhale it every time we breathe, and plants absorb it during photosynthesis to produce oxygen. In nature, CO₂ is a crucial part of the carbon cycle, but in enclosed spaces—such as homes, schools, offices, and industrial facilities—excessive carbon dioxide can become a silent hazard. The challenge with CO₂ is that it’s invisible and undetectable without specialized...

Introduction You might feel healthy today, breathing easily without a second thought. But what if the air in your home or workplace is quietly harming you over time? Many people don’t realize that poor indoor air quality (IAQ) can have cumulative effects on your health, leading to respiratory illnesses, cardiovascular problems, allergies, or even cognitive decline. The worst part is that the symptoms often creep in gradually, making it easy to overlook the root cause. In recent years, the...

Introduction Formaldehyde is a colorless, pungent gas widely used in various industries — from furniture manufacturing and construction materials to laboratories and textile production. It is also a common indoor pollutant found in adhesives, particleboard, insulation, and even household products like disinfectants or cosmetics. Given its toxic and potentially carcinogenic nature, monitoring formaldehyde levels is critical to maintaining healthy indoor air quality and safeguarding workers’...

Introduction: The Invisible Threat In today’s fast-paced, urbanized world, the air we breathe is increasingly threatened by pollutants that are invisible to the naked eye yet pose serious risks to human health. Among these pollutants, fine particulate matter—commonly referred to as PM2.5—has garnered particular attention from environmental scientists, health professionals, and policymakers alike. These minuscule airborne particles, each with a diameter of less than 2.5 micrometers,...