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Introduction In recent years, with growing public awareness of environmental health and the surge in smart home technologies, air quality has become an increasingly important topic. People spend nearly 90% of their time indoors—whether at home, in offices, or in vehicles—making indoor air quality a crucial factor affecting overall health and well-being. While pollutants like carbon dioxide (CO₂) and particulate matter (PM2.5) are commonly discussed, one group of invisible contaminants...

Introduction In modern agriculture, data-driven decision-making is transforming how crops are grown and livestock are managed. Among the critical tools enabling this transformation are agricultural CO₂ sensors. These devices are designed to measure the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the atmosphere, providing essential insights into the environmental conditions that directly impact plant growth and animal health. Carbon dioxide is a fundamental component of photosynthesis—the process...

Introduction Indoor air quality has become a growing concern as people spend more time inside homes, offices, and vehicles. While most people are aware of pollutants like dust, carbon monoxide, or mold, one of the most overlooked yet harmful categories of indoor pollutants is volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These invisible gases are emitted from everyday items—from your cleaning sprays and air fresheners to new furniture and building materials. Over time, exposure to VOCs can lead to serious...

Introduction Air quality monitoring has become increasingly important as urbanization, industrialization, and environmental concerns rise worldwide. Among the core technologies enabling precise air quality assessment are dust sensors, which detect and quantify particulate matter (PM) in the air. Dust sensors are widely used in residential, industrial, and environmental monitoring applications. Two of the most commonly deployed types are infrared dust sensors and laser dust sensors, each with distinct...

Introduction Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a naturally occurring gas that plays a critical role in life on Earth, but excessive concentrations indoors or in industrial environments can pose serious health risks. As awareness of indoor air quality and environmental monitoring grows, accurate CO2 detection has become more important than ever. Among the many sensing technologies available, Non-Dispersive Infrared (NDIR) sensors stand out as one of the most reliable and widely used methods for detecting CO2....

Introduction Air quality has become one of the most critical public health and environmental issues in the 21st century. Rapid industrialization, urbanization, and increased energy consumption have led to a rise in harmful pollutants, many of which are invisible to the naked eye yet carry severe health and environmental consequences. Among these pollutants, particulate matter—especially PM2.5 and PM10—plays a significant role in shaping air quality. To measure, monitor, and control these...

Introduction Air pollution is no longer just an environmental concern—it is an everyday health crisis. While most discussions focus on the smog hanging over cities or industrial emissions, the air people breathe inside vehicles is increasingly under scrutiny. Traffic congestion, urban expansion, and rising industrial activity mean drivers and passengers often spend hours in enclosed cabins exposed to a mix of fine particles and toxic gases. To address this hidden risk, automakers are turning...

Introduction Clean air is something most of us take for granted. Yet, invisible pollutants inside homes, offices, and public buildings can have a profound effect on our health, productivity, and comfort. From dust particles and mold spores to harmful gases such as carbon monoxide or volatile organic compounds (VOCs), many of these contaminants remain unnoticed until they start causing symptoms like fatigue, respiratory irritation, or even long-term illness. This is where indoor air quality monitors...

Introduction Formaldehyde (chemical formula CH₂O, also known as methanal) is a naturally occurring compound that exists as a colorless, flammable, and strong-smelling gas at room temperature. Despite its simple chemical structure, formaldehyde plays a major role in numerous industrial applications. It is widely used in manufacturing glues, resins, textiles, disinfectants, and building materials, and is a critical component in many laboratories. While its industrial importance is undeniable, formaldehyde...

Introduction Carbon dioxide (CO2) plays a central role in the life cycle of plants. As one of the raw materials in photosynthesis, it provides the foundation for plant energy production, growth, and yield. Inside a greenhouse, where the environment can be tightly controlled, the concentration of carbon dioxide directly influences crop health and productivity. When maintained at appropriate levels, CO2 enhances photosynthesis and leads to increased yields, healthier plants, and more efficient use...

Introduction Every time you take a deep breath, you probably imagine pulling fresh, clean oxygen into your lungs. But the reality is far more complicated. Invisible particles, chemical vapors, and microscopic pollutants drift in the air all around us—indoors and outdoors—often without our awareness. Some are harmless, but others can seriously impact human health, contributing to respiratory illness, cardiovascular disease, and even long-term neurological conditions. These unseen invaders...

Introduction Formaldehyde is a colourless, flammable, and highly reactive gas that is widely used in modern industry. Its presence spans across multiple sectors, from the production of building materials and paper coatings to the formulation of cosmetics, adhesives, and disinfectants. While it is a useful industrial chemical, formaldehyde exposure poses serious health risks. Short-term contact may cause headaches, skin irritation, and breathing difficulties, while long-term exposure has been linked...