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Introduction Air pollution is a global concern that affects both human health and the environment. Among the different types of pollutants, particulate matter (PM) is particularly dangerous due to its microscopic size and ability to penetrate deep into the lungs and bloodstream. Monitoring particulate matter is crucial for protecting public health, improving indoor air quality, and even optimizing engine performance in vehicles equipped with diesel particulate filters (DPFs). But how exactly do...

Introduction Air pollution has become one of the most urgent global environmental and public health challenges of the 21st century. As urbanisation accelerates and industrial activities expand, more people are exposed to airborne particles that pose serious health risks. Among the many pollutants found in the atmosphere, particulate matter (PM)—especially PM10 and PM2.5—has attracted significant attention. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), particulate matter affects more...

Introduction Particulate matter, particularly PM2.5, has increasingly become a pressing concern in the automotive industry, both in manufacturing plants and repair workshops. PM2.5 refers to airborne particles with diameters of 2.5 micrometers or smaller, roughly 30 times thinner than a human hair. Their small size allows them to penetrate deep into the lungs, bypassing the body’s natural defenses such as the nasal passage and mucociliary clearance mechanisms. Once lodged in the alveoli, these...

Introduction Air quality is a vital component of human health and environmental well-being, yet it often goes unnoticed in daily life. While many associate air pollution with smog-filled cities or industrial emissions, studies show that indoor air can be just as—or even more—hazardous. Indoor air quality (IAQ) refers to the quality of the air in enclosed spaces such as homes, offices, schools, hospitals, public transportation vehicles, and other indoor environments. Considering that...

Introduction In recent years, agriculture has experienced a significant technological transformation. Traditional farming practices are increasingly being complemented—or even replaced—by digital solutions designed to maximize efficiency, productivity, and sustainability. Among the most impactful innovations are smart farming sensors, which have become indispensable tools in precision agriculture. Smart farming sensors harness the power of the Internet of Things (IoT), data analytics,...

Introduction Particulate Matter (PM) has emerged as one of the most critical environmental pollutants impacting public health today. These microscopic particles, especially those with diameters of 10µm or smaller—commonly referred to as PM10 and PM2.5—pose significant health risks because they can penetrate deep into the respiratory system. Exposure to particulate matter has been linked to respiratory diseases, cardiovascular problems, premature death, and even cancer. While most...

Introduction Air quality has become an increasingly important concern in modern urban living. With rising pollution levels caused by industrialization, vehicle emissions, construction activities, and biomass burning, exposure to fine particulate matter (PM) is a major health concern. Among these pollutants, PM2.5—particles with a diameter of 2.5 microns or less—poses significant risks. These tiny particles are small enough to penetrate deep into the respiratory system and even enter...

Introduction In recent years, awareness of indoor air quality has surged as people spend more time inside their homes, offices, and workplaces. From cooking fumes and cleaning chemicals to dust, smoke, and pet dander, the air inside can sometimes be more polluted than the air outside. This realization has led to the rapid adoption of home air quality monitors—smart devices designed to measure, track, and improve the air we breathe indoors. A home air quality monitor is a compact electronic...

Introduction In an era where air quality, industrial safety, and environmental responsibility are more crucial than ever, accurate gas detection technology has become an essential part of modern life. Among the various types of gas detection systems, Nondispersive Infrared (NDIR) gas sensors have gained widespread use for their reliability, precision, and durability. NDIR spectroscopy is a proven method used for detecting and measuring concentrations of gases such as carbon dioxide (CO₂), carbon...

Introduction In today’s modern world, people spend nearly 90% of their time indoors—whether at home, in offices, schools, hospitals, or public facilities. The quality of the indoor environment directly influences human health, comfort, and productivity. Subtle fluctuations in air quality, temperature, humidity, and lighting can impact not only how comfortable a space feels but also how effectively people can work or learn within it. This is where indoor environmental sensors come into...

Introduction The automotive industry is undergoing one of the most significant technological transformations in its history — driven largely by the rapid evolution of sensors and intelligent electronics. Automotive sensors are highly specialized devices designed to monitor and measure a wide range of parameters within a vehicle, including temperature, pressure, speed, acceleration, distance, and position. These sensors serve as the “nervous system” of modern vehicles, constantly...

Introduction In today’s world, where people spend nearly 90% of their time indoors—whether at home, work, or school—the quality of the air we breathe inside buildings has never been more important. Indoor air pollution is often invisible but can be just as harmful as outdoor pollution, causing a range of health issues from headaches and allergies to chronic respiratory diseases. As awareness about indoor environmental health continues to grow, Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) monitoring...